The Present Perfect (Or) The Simple Past

اینکه چه زمانی از گذشته ساده (simple past) و چه زمانی از ماضی نقلی (present perfect) استفاده کنیم به قیدهای زمانی که استفاده می کنیم بستگی دارد.

قیدهای OIL WAY که در درس 5 معرفی شدند در مورد گذشته ای هستند که به اتمام رسیده است.

Simple Past
زمان مشخص

OIL WAY
=
on, in, last, when, ago, yesterday

I saw him on Friday.
We went there in 1989.
She came last week.
When did you visit them?
I visited them two weeks ago.
I saw him yesterday.


Present Perfect
زمان نامشخص

و قیدهای JEANY به گذشته ای اشاره دارند که به زمان حال متصل است.

JEANY
=
just, ever, already, never, Yet

I have just seen him.
Have you ever been to America?
They've already eaten.
I have never been to Japan.
Have you met them yet?